KIT DE FORMAÇÃO
ECONOMIA CIRCULAR
Módulo 1 - Sobre Economia Circular
A) O desafio
Assim, o modelo de Economia Circular (EC) é uma alternativa sustentável à economia linear e pretende resolver os problemas ambientais associados.
B) Objetivo e Definição de Economia Circular
O objetivo de uma Economia Circular é dissociar a atividade económica da extração de recursos naturais e manter o desenvolvimento económico, respeitando simultaneamente os limites do planeta. Outro objetivo fundamental de uma EC é melhorar a qualidade ambiental e, assim, contribuir para a regeneração ecológica (incluindo a proteção da biodiversidade), que é essencial para os serviços dos ecossistemas saudáveis dos quais as nossas sociedades dependem. Isto requer uma abordagem de poluição zero e a eliminação de quaisquer substâncias nocivas dos produtos e processos.
Economia Circular é um conceito amplo e existem diversas definições. “Um modelo económico em que a entrada e o desperdício de recursos, as emissões e as fugas de energia são minimizados através da desaceleração, do fecho e do estreitamento dos ciclos de materiais e energia” (Geissdoerfer et al, 2017).
Ou seja: numa EC, a extração de matérias-primas é reduzida, os recursos são mantidos em uso por mais tempo e os desperdícios são evitados e valorizados tanto quanto possível.
A transição para uma EC exige uma mudança estrutural em todos os setores da sociedade. Alguns deles têm papel importante, como repensar o design de produtos, criar modelos de negócios mais bem estruturados para a sustentabilidade e políticas públicas mais eficientes são alguns exemplos. Os agentes importantes nesta transição são, portanto, não apenas as empresas e organizações, mas também os decisores políticos, os educadores, os agentes de inovação social, as instituições financeiras, os investidores, o meio académico e os consumidores.
Princípios Circulares Chave
Minimizar o uso e a extração de recursos
As organizações devem ter como objetivo reduzir o uso e a extração desnecessárias de recursos, otimizando as entradas de materiais nos processos de produção. Isto envolve recusar, repensar e reduzir a entrada de recursos, concentrando-se em sistemas de produtos-serviços (servitização) baseados no desempenho, modelos de partilha e desmaterialização.
Manter os produtos em uso pelo maior tempo possível
As organizações devem priorizar manter os produtos em utilização pelo maior tempo possível, mantendo o seu valor. Isto envolve princípios de design circular, como durabilidade e capacidade de reutilização e reparação. A implementação de sistemas de produtos-serviços para renovação, refabricação ou reaproveitamento também contribui para prolongar a vida útil dos produtos.
Fechar ciclos de materiais
Todos os produtos devem ser concebidos tendo em conta a possibilidade de reciclagem. Quando a reparação, a reutilização ou outras estratégias circulares já não forem viáveis, os materiais utilizados nos produtos/componentes devem ser recuperados através da reciclagem circular. Este processo garante que a qualidade dos materiais é mantida ou melhorada, permitindo-lhes substituir materiais virgens em vez de serem reciclados em produtos de qualidade inferior. Contudo, para que a reciclagem seja eficaz, a utilização de substâncias perigosas e prejudiciais ao ambiente deve ser evitada desde o início.
Gestão do ecossistema
A economia circular, como parte da gestão sustentável dos recursos, visa prevenir a poluição resultante das atividades de produção e consumo para garantir a preservação da qualidade ambiental. Numa economia circular, as organizações têm a responsabilidade de salvaguardar ativamente os ecossistemas e investir na regeneração ecológica, melhorando a biodiversidade e restaurando os serviços dos ecossistemas para desfazer quaisquer danos e promover a melhoria ambiental geral.
5. Criar valor duradouro e partilhado
As estratégias circulares proporcionam benefícios económicos através da redução de custos e da valorização de resíduos, ao mesmo tempo que proporcionam vantagens ambientais e sociais, como a criação de emprego. No entanto, uma economia circular difere dos modelos convencionais de crescimento económico, visando benefícios sociais generalizados e de longo prazo. Em vez de se concentrar apenas no fluxo económico, mede a riqueza social, incluindo recursos naturais, culturais e humanos, com o crescimento a refletir a melhoria e o aumento da qualidade e quantidade destas ações.
O Diagrama Borboleta da Economia Circular, apresentado abaixo, fornece um resumo conciso de como os recursos são geridos dentro do modelo da economia circular. Permite visualizar dois ciclos interligados: o ciclo biológico e o ciclo técnico. O ciclo biológico envolve o retorno de materiais orgânicos ao meio ambiente por meio de processos naturais como a compostagem. O ciclo técnico concentra-se na reutilização, reparação, remanufatura ou reciclagem de materiais e produtos para minimizar o desperdício e conservar recursos. O Diagrama da Borboleta destaca a importância de fechar estes ciclos e criar um fluxo contínuo de recursos, levando a uma economia mais sustentável e circular.
C) Estratégias de Economia Circular
A economia circular é um sistema de produção e consumo que promove a utilização sustentável dos recursos, em ciclos fechados dinamizados por fontes renováveis, regenerando ecossistemas e garantindo o progresso social.
Existem alguns “R”s de estratégias circulares
que ajudam as organizações a tornar os seus processos mais sustentáveis, a repensar o seu modelo de negócio, a evitar o consumo excessivo de recursos e a ser mais eficazes na manutenção do valor. Estas estratégias complementam-se frequentemente e constituem uma abordagem para alcançar a circularidade e libertar todo o potencial de uma economia sustentável e regenerativa.
Na tabela seguinte podemos identificar as diferentes estratégias, os seus significados e as fases em que se enquadram quando considera-se uma economia mais circular ou mais linear.
Module 2 - How to set up a Circular Economy activity
1) Introduction
Organizing a circular economy activity for youth can be an excellent way to promote sustainability and environmental awareness. To organize youth activities, meticulous and collaborative planning with a clear goal is crucial. It is possible to empower youth through impactful efforts by creating an atmosphere of awareness and active participation. These efforts aim to cultivate a sense of critical thinking, foster informed decision-making, and promote the development of sustainable and resilient habits among youth.
When starting the development of a particular activity, it is necessary to reflect on some essential points to configure these activities in order to obtain effective results in their conduct and evaluation, thus achieving the main objectives proposed.
Below are some topics and principles considered essential for the configuration of an activity:
2) Scope and Objectives
Determine the rationale and purpose of your activity and how it aligns with your overall goals and objectives. What is most important to achieve and the impact do you want to have on the environment, society and the economy.
Start defining the specific focus of your circular economy activity, and choose among the strategies proposed in the table (R’s) which one will be addressed and which ones it is possible to connect. When you opt for a specific strategy (eg: reuse, repair, refurbish) it is possible to go deeper into the theory, bring more objective references and the activity can have a more positive impact.
Identifying the target audience to which the activity will be applied is also essential to be able to elaborate it according to their needs and interests.
Check de R´s table to understand some examples of strategies.
3) Skills
When creating an educational activity, it is important to establish what skills you want to work on and transmit to the audience. Importantly, circular economy-related activities can help people develop a variety of important skills in different areas, whether personal and/or professional.
Engaging in this field also provides an opportunity for continuous learning and the acquisition of relevant skills for a more sustainable future. Follow some examples
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Systemic thinking
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Innovation and creativity
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Collaboration and teamwork
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Critical thinking and decision-making
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Entrepreneurship and business skills
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Environmental awareness
4) Partnerships and collaborators
Working with other collaborators and projects in partnership offers benefits that go beyond simply adding knowledge and skills. One key aspect is strengthening communication and effectively disseminating project outcomes. By involving different partners, the reach and impact of actions are expanded, as each involved entity has its own base of contacts and audience. This diversity of communication channels allows for reaching a broader and more diversified audience, increasing the project’s visibility and achievements.
Collaborating with other organizations can facilitate access to shared resources and infrastructure. Often, a project may require financial, technological, or infrastructural resources that a single entity may not possess. Through partnership, costs and efforts are shared, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing execution capacity. This resource allocation synergy is particularly advantageous in large-scale projects, where individual investments can be substantial.
Partnering with external collaborators enables the exchange of best practices and the incorporation of lessons learned from other experiences. Each organization brings its own culture, working methods, and successful strategies, and by working together, there is an opportunity to learn from one another and improve their approaches. This knowledge exchange can generate valuable insights and new perspectives, leading to more innovative solutions.
Collaboration in partnerships can bring a higher degree of legitimacy to the project. Involving other organizations and entities positions the project as a collective initiative with greater social relevance. This can attract the interest of stakeholders, governments, and even the media, further enhancing the project’s impacts and results.
In conclusion, collaborating with other projects in partnership extends beyond mere knowledge accumulation, encompassing aspects such as communication, resource access, mutual learning, and legitimacy. Also, this collaborative approach is a key aspect when developing and implementing circular economy projects since working with a network of partners is essential for addressing complex challenges and maximizing the success of projects and initiatives across various fields of operation.
5) Resources / Budget
Planning the financial resources of a project or activity is essential for success, and financial sustainability is increasingly becoming a fundamental concern. Besides ensuring sufficient resources to enable the activity’s realization, adopting sustainable practices is necessary to ensure the project’s long-term continuity while minimizing negative impacts on the environment and society.
A sustainable approach involves not only considering resource acquisition but also how those resources are utilized. Carefully analyzing the costs involved in the activity and seeking ways to reduce them without compromising project quality is crucial. Practices such as material reuse, energy optimization, proper waste disposal and waste reduction are examples that can contribute to financial sustainability.
Transparency in financial management is another crucial aspect. Demonstrating how resources are being used and presenting concrete results regarding the project’s impact helps build trust with donors, investors, and the community at large. The credibility of transparent management can open doors to new funding opportunities and fortify the project’s long-term continuity.
By embracing sustainable practices in project financial management and thinking strategically about resource acquisition, it is possible to ensure its long-term viability and maximize benefits for society and the environment. Financial sustainability not only strengthens the project but also reflects a commitment to social responsibility and the preservation of natural resources, making it more attractive to potential supporters and collaborators engaged in environmental and social causes.
6) Materials
Planning and developing activities focused on circular economy for young people require careful consideration in selecting the materials used. This selection should take into account aspects such as suitability for the target audience, accessibility, and sustainability, aiming to promote an enriching and responsible experience for the participants.
To ensure an inclusive experience, it is also relevant to consider if the materials are accessible to all participants, regardless of their needs or abilities. When choosing materials, it is essential to think about minimizing the environmental impact. Instead of opting to purchase new materials, a more conscious approach is to seek alternatives such as renting or acquiring second-hand items. This practice reduces the demand for new products, prolongs their lifespan, and reduces the amount of waste generated.
Rethinking printing materials is an excellent strategy. Using digital options like slide presentations or materials available on online platforms not only saves natural resources but also facilitates access to materials, allowing young people to revisit them later without the need for additional prints.
Encouraging participants to bring their own reusable materials, such as water bottles and cases, also promotes the concept of circular economy and environmental responsibility.
7) Design activity and conduction
Strategic planning of an activity is essential to define clear objectives, identify the target audience, establish necessary resources, determine the execution schedule and ensure that the activity is suited to the interests and needs of the young participants, making it more attractive and relevant to them.
Thinking about the design of the activity involves thinking about creating an attractive and engaging format, which is able to arouse the interest of young people and encourage them to actively participate. The methodologies chosen for the design of the activity should consider accessibility, ensuring that the activity is inclusive and allows all young people to participate, regardless of their abilities or backgrounds and also that the concepts of sustainability and circular economy are conveyed in a didactic and engaging way.
The activity description plays a crucial role in the organization and execution of the project, providing a detailed roadmap to guide everyone involved. The specific objectives of the activity should be clearly stated so that participants understand the purpose and relevance of the initiative. To facilitate implementation, the execution steps should be presented in chronological order, detailing what should be accomplished in each phase of the activity. If there are group activities, it is important to specify the number of people needed for each task, promoting collaboration and teamwork.
Another essential aspect to be contemplated is the estimated time duration of each step, providing a clear notion of the schedule and allowing participants to organize themselves accordingly. The profile of the facilitators involved should be described, emphasizing their skills and knowledge relevant to the conduct of the activity. The clarity, conciseness and organization of the description are key to ensure that all information is easily understood and that the activity is successful in promoting sustainability and circular economy among the young participants.
8) Logistic
Logistics is an essential element to ensure the success of an activity and/or event, so it is essential to carefully consider several logistical aspects that contribute to a positive and eco-friendly experience. The first step is to choose the right location. It is important to take into account accessibility for participants, looking for a place with easy access, preferably close to public transportation. In addition, the proximity of green areas or outdoor spaces makes it possible to carry out activities connected to nature.
The physical space also deserves attention. Determining the size needed to accommodate all participants comfortably and enable the execution of the dynamics is crucial to avoid overcrowding problems and ensure that activities occur as planned. Another important aspect is determining the number of participants. Setting a limit based on the capacity of the space and the resources available is necessary to ensure a more organized and satisfactory experience for all involved.
The definition of times and dates is another relevant point. It is essential to consider the availability of the participants and avoid scheduling conflicts that may jeopardize the presence of those involved. A detailed schedule, with start and end times of activities, breaks and other relevant information, facilitates the organization of the event and time management.
Food logistics is a point that deserves special attention. If there are meals during the activity, it is relevant to plan sustainable options, such as vegetarian or vegan dishes, avoiding food waste and excessive use of disposable packaging.
To carry out the activity, service providers and suppliers may be needed. It is essential to choose partners who also share sustainability values, prioritizing companies that have sustainable and socially responsible practices. Waste management is a constant concern. It is essential to develop a plan for selective collection and proper disposal of waste generated during the activity, encouraging recycling and reducing environmental impact. If you are organizing the same event multiple times or doing a set of activities for some period of time, try to think of ways to reduce and eliminate waste, thus lowering your impact from event to event. This can be an excellent way, first to showcase that it is possible to organize activities with a low impact, and, secondly, you can share the strategies and practices used to accomplish this and inspire others to follow your example.
When considering all these aspects, the activity becomes an enriching experience, which reinforces the importance of environmental preservation.
9) Team
Organizing a youth activity requires well-structured planning and efficient coordination. Different personas play key roles in this process. The Project Manager leads the team, ensuring proper logistics and establishing strategic partnerships. The Activity Facilitator engages participants with educational dynamics. Other professionals contribute to making the activity a memorable and conscious experience.
Some positions that can be considered essential for the planning, implementation and execution of an activity:
➔ Project Manager
Overall responsible for the planning and execution of the activity. Coordinates all stages, sets targets, deadlines and allocates resources. Takes responsibility for logistics, partnership management and financial management.
➔ Activity Facilitator
In charge of energizing the planned activities, engaging the participants and conducting the dynamics in an interactive and educational way, aligned with the objectives of the activity. Contributes with specific knowledge, providing relevant information for the planned activities and sensitizing participants on environmental issues.
➔ Assistants and Volunteers
They assist the Project Manager and the Activity Facilitator in different tasks, from logistical support to conducting the dynamics and practical activities.
➔ Communication and Marketing Officer
In charge of publicizing the activity in a strategic way, using communication channels such as social networks, emails and local media to reach the target audience and ensure good adherence.
➔ Safety Officer
Ensures the safety of participants during the activity, ensuring that all safety regulations are followed and taking precautions to avoid accidents or incidents.
➔ Impact Evaluator
Responsible for developing and applying evaluation methods to measure the impact of the activity against sustainability objectives, collecting feedback from participants and providing insights for future improvements.
➔ Financial Administrative Officer
Ensures the efficient management of available financial resources by tracking the budget and expenses related to the activity.
Módulo 3 - Exemplos de boas práticas e como replicar
Existe uma grande variedade de atividades que podem ser replicadas no âmbito da Economia Circular, bem como a possibilidade de criar novas abordagens baseadas nos temas mencionados no capítulo anterior, com vista a um planeamento mais eficiente. No entanto, neste capítulo, iremos concentrar-nos em alguns exemplos específicos de atividades relacionadas com a Economia Circular que já foram implementadas. Discutiremos como essas atividades foram concebidas, executadas e as estratégias desenvolvidas para sua aplicação, monitorização e avaliação.
O projeto Erasmus+ “Viver vidas mais sustentáveis: soluções circulares para a integração de refugiados na Europa” (2020-1-PT01-KA204-078418) procura ajudar a integração de refugiados e migrantes na Europa, transmitindo competências baseadas no desperdício zero, na reutilização e na reparação. Ao transformar materiais descartados em criações valiosas e inovadoras, o projeto contribui tanto para a integração dos refugiados como para a promoção de modelos económicos sustentáveis, alinhando-se com os objetivos da Comissão Europeia para uma economia circular e com a Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Este projeto está dividido em três módulos com exemplos de Educação Não Formal Curricular em Economia Circular para Refugiados e Migrantes. Utilizá-los-emos como exemplos para explicar como se concretizaram na dinâmica de uma atividade baseada na economia circular.
O projeto também procurou capacitar os refugiados, especialmente as mulheres, promovendo o seu crescimento profissional e abrindo perspetivas de emprego em setores como a alimentação, a moda e o design. Esta abordagem não só aproveitou os princípios da economia circular, mas também alinhou-se com as competências existentes dos refugiados, desenvolvidas através de economias informais, intercâmbios colaborativos e práticas locais sustentáveis.